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During its development and the first year or two of its life, the Macintosh was the Apple Lisa's little brother (or sister). Both shared a Motorola 68000 microprocessor, but the Lisa supported a megabyte of RAM and multitasking, while the Mac had only 128 kilobytes of RAM and no multitasking.
Or did it?
Andy Hertzfeld writes in his Folklore Blog, 'One of the first architectural decisions that Bud [Tribble] and I made for the Macintosh system software in the spring of 1981 was that we were only going to try to run one application at a time. We barely had enough RAM or screen space to do even that, and we thought that we'd benefit from the resultant simplifications.'
Desk ornaments, later called desk accessories, were Bud Tribble's idea. Tiny applications that do one small task, such as a clock, a calculator, a Rolodex, or a note pad. Desk accessories would have to live within the main application's world. 'The main application would still run its event loop, but it would occasionally pass events to the little guys. And of course you can cut and paste between them,' said Bud.
By May 1982, Hertzfeld decided to implement desk accessories by extending the existing code for loadable device drivers. He added some extra calls to allow accessories to create their own window and menus, receive events from the main application, and most importantly, be allowed some processing time on the Mac's 68K CPU.
The first desk accessory was a simple clock, written in fall of 1982. Most accessories were written in 68000 assembly language instead of Pascal, to keep the object code size down.
The Mac could only run one main application, such as MacPaint or Finder, but it could run as many desk accessories as would fit in available memory.
'The Switcher is a darn nice program but with polish MultiMac is going to leave it in the dust.'
So wrote Tony Jacobs in late November 1985, describing the surprising new multitasking application, Multi-Mac. Unlike Andy Hertzfeld's Switcher, which was demoed in January 1985 and released in March, Multi-Mac allowed two or more applications to run simultaneously. Switcher on the other hand paused all loaded applications except for the foremost one.
Switcher and Multi Mac were made possible by the 512K Fat Mac released in fall 1984, which had approximately 450K available for applications. Hertzfeld started thinking about the possibility of running multiple applications soon after the Fat Mac was released. The biggest challenges were how to save and restore the system globals kept in low memory, and how to divide the application heap into multiple 'heap zones.'
It was also necessary to patch several traps such as GetNextEvent, Launch, and ExitToShell to support Switcher's operation.
Multi-Mac picked up where Switcher left off. In addition to loading multiple applications, Multi-Mac let those applications run simultaneously! What's more, Multi-Mac used free RAM as a disk cache, allowing file copying operations or other disk I/O to occur asynchronously.
'A Rumored multi-tasking OS'
Reports of Multi-Mac in beta began spreading around the Usenet newsgroup net.micro.mac in November 1985. George Erhart wrote about a friend who had a beta test copy of Multi-Mac, reporting that 'he started a download in MacTerminal, and returned to the finder. He watched the received file grow, then launched a copy of MacPaint. Later he returned to find the download finished. According to him, the total time to download was not too much more than the time if MacTerminal was running alone.'
A few days later, Tony Jacobs wrote in net.micro.mac that he had 'seen up to 6 applications running at the same time.' He went on to describe the program:

Tony Jacobs in net.micro.mac, 21 Nov 1985 wrote:

The program installs another Apple menu at the left of the bar and has the manager as the first item with the applications loaded following. The manager shows you how much memory each application is using along with the priority. Also shown is how much free memory and cache memory there is. It also showes you how much memory is purgable. You can also set the delay for writes from 1 to 60 seconds (I assume this is for the cache.) You can go back to the finder any time. Other applications windows are sometimes visible. This depends on whether an application refreshes the whole screen or just a window. The version I saw didn't have any release number in the 'About.' so I can only assume it is a beta. It doesn't work with some programs (like MacPaint) and some apps need to be the first app loaded to work (like MacDraw.) When you run multiple sound apps the first one run is the one that works, the rest will run but you don't hear a them. It ran on the Bernoulli system but it hasn't been tried on a HyperDrive yet. The Switcher is a darn nice program but with polish MultiMac is going to leave it in the dust. You can set MultiMac as the startup and it just comes back to the finder with the second apple menu. Also, the manager has a 'lazy menu' switch which makes the menus pop down when the cursor is over them without having to click (similar to the Atari ST.) . I stand corrected. I just tried out 1.4 MacPaint and it worked! This program is sorely AMAZING! I quit MacPaint and it returned to the finder immediately, and I WATCHED THE TEMPORARY FILES DISAPEAR!!!!

'Why I'm not posting 'MultiMac'
The distribution status of Multi-Mac was in question; no one was sure if it was shareware or a commercial application for sale. Several bulletin board systems, including Compuserve, were distributing Multi-Mac. Ephraim Vishniac wrote in late November 1985:

Ephraim Vishniac in net.micro.mac, 25 Nov 1985 wrote:

For those who are curious to try MultiMac, it is available for downloading from Mass Mac and Electric at 617-231-2810. I've just downloaded it myself and will try it out just as soon as I get home. A note on MM&E says that it bombs immediately on a 128K Mac, so thin-Mac owners need not apply. I have no idea who posted the program or what its status (public-domain/shareware or straight commercial effort) is. Does anyone know how to find Aubrac Systems?

The next day, however, Tim Smith posted, 'the word on CompuServe is that MultiMac is commercial software, and should NOT be on any BBSs.'
Meanwhile several users on Usenet were discovering incompatibilities with Multi-Mac, such as that it would not work on a Mac upgraded with more than 512K of RAM, or with certain hard disk systems such as the MacBottom. However users of John Bass's MacSCSI board discovered that Multi-Mac worked with their hard disk system, possibly due to the small size of the MacSCSI driver.
Eric Olson had a theory on why Multi-Mac would not work with most hard disks:

Eric Olson in net.micro.mac, 22 Jan 1986 wrote:

From my examination of MultiMac, I believe it doesn't work on hard disks because a large part of it is a disk cacher. If it is designed to supplant the Sony driver, it would not work on any disk not using the Sony driver (i.e., anything but a floppy). An old version of Multimac consisted primarily of a DRVR named '.Diskbuffer', so I suspect it grew out of a much simpler disk driver into a multitasker. Later versions of it don't have the DRVR in a DRVR resource, but still look pretty much the same inside.

By December, Mr. Vishniac decided that enough was enough. He was deluged with requests for copies of Multi-Mac, he said. Now he had three reasons not to post the application. First of all, its distribution status was unclear. While it did display a copyright notice, there was no other information such as the author's name or address or telephone number. Secondly, he had never seen it work on his 1.5MB Mac--it just bombed after launch. He said he tried it on an Apple dealer's Mac 512K and it bombed there too.
Finally he said, 'I'm dubious about its quality and usefulness. I looked at it with ResEdit. This ~28K program consists of a driver (~27K) and about half-a-dozen other resources (~1K). None of the resources are strings, dialogs, alerts or anything else that would suggest a program that adheres to Apple's development guidelines. No instructions.'
He finished his post with the phone number for a BBS that distributed Multi-Mac, however a few hours later he followed up saying, 'Due to reports that MultiMac is (will be?) a commercial product, not shareware or PD, the sysop has yanked it from the board. Reports from users, BTW, say that MultiMac is fabulous when it works and devastating when it doesn't.'
Was Multi-Mac commercial software?
The answer seems to be yes, it was. The software directory of the Winter 1986 issue of Macworld magazine lists MultiMac by Aubrac Systems with a price of $99.50, on page 118. There is a San Rafael, California address and telephone number for Aubrac. I looked up this address on a map and the building appears to be commercial, with a number of office suites for rent.
'The author appears to be Jwa Van der Vuurst and (C) 1985 Aubrac Systems.'
While no one doubted that Multi-Mac was an impressive feat, its authorship remained a mystery. Jwa van der Vuurst: who was this person?
Nobody seemed to know. Fred Huxham posted in January 1986 that 'Andy [Hertzfeld] had spoken to the programmer of MultiMac.' Mr. Huxam went on to say that 'the latest report was that the author of MultiMac was writing accounting software for a bank in Holland or something like that.'
With the release of the Macintosh Plus in 1986 and the new 128K ROM, Multi-Mac proved to be incompatible with this new ROM version. Only a few months after its release, Multi-Mac was a dead-end product, apparently never upgraded to remain compatible. It gradually faded into obscurity, superseded by Andy Hertzfeld's Switcher.
Discussion of Multi-Mac on Usenet died down after January 1986, and it was only mentioned a few more times towards the end of that year.
It was two-and-half decades later when Mr. van der Vuurst reappeared, posting a comment to the Switcher article in Andy Hertzfeld's Folklore blog in 2011:

jwa vandervuurst on September 30, 2011 02:11:15 wrote:

I was the author of Multi-Mac. No, I didn't work for Apple, but I did demo it to Apple at the time. I had bought a Mac-512 in 1985, and got frustrated by the performance of the floppy disk. I had a lot of experience back in Holland disassembling Z80 machines and implementing my own OS (JWA-Forth) on them. So it wasn't too hard to disassemble the ROMs of the Mac. My first patch was to implement a disk caching system and also allow it to cache floppies that where not in the drive. So you wouldn't have to swap floppies all the time. Then I got this idea. The desk accessories where able to run in parallel to the application. Every application would call SystemEvent. So I made each application look like a desk accessory to the other applications. The one problem left was memory management. Since the Mac was only using 24 bit addressing, i used the upper 8 bits in each handle to remember who owned the allocated memory. The running application would have the bits set to 0. New memory allocated defaults in that state. Switching to a different app required patching the upper 8 bits of every memory handle. 0 -> active app# and next app# -> 0. It actually worked really well. I demoed it at apple and had 5 apps running at the same time, using 2 floppy disks on one drive. It would calculate the next chess move in the background while running MacWrite in the foreground and keep spreadsheets and other programs running in the background. While Apple was very impressed, they had no interest in buying it (Andy didn't think my memory handling would be very stable), and I knew that releasing it would have me having to keep up with all the new ROM releases from Apple in the future. We had a small company (IIS) at the time that was writing Insurance software for the HHC (from Friends Amis) and really couldn't do without me. We did come up with a great marketing phrase at the time though: 'Now your Mac can walk and chew gum at the same time!' My name is Johannes Willem Antoon van der Vuurst (Hans), jwa@dms.net if you have any questions.

Based on the technical detail, this message seems to be legitimate. I emailed him several weeks before writing this article, but have never received any reply. This appears to be Hans van der Vuurst's LinkedIn profile.
Using Multi-Mac
Multi-Mac is available for download here at Mac GUI Vault.
To use Multi-Mac, you need a Mac 512K with 64K ROM. I tested Multi-Mac with the following System/Finder combinations and found that System 1.1/Finder 1.1g and System 2.0/ Finder 4.1 work best. Finder 5.0 will work, but not correctly.
Multi-Mac comes in the form of an application. Double-click it. The screen will clear, then the Finder will restart. Everything looks the same, except for there is now a second Apple menu at the right end of the menu bar! Now double-click another application. This second application will load, but look! the Finder remains visible in the background. Your Mac 512K is now running two applications simultaneously.

Welcome to the world of Multi-Mac.
Many, but not all, applications are compatible with Multi-Mac. The applications that were programmed defensively to follow Apple's guidelines generally fare better under Multi-Mac. MacKermit, Red Ryder versions after 7.0, and Aztec C are some applications that will not run with Multi-Mac.
You can switch applications by clicking in an application's window, or by choosing its name from Multi-Mac's Apple menu.
Choose About Multi-Mac to open the configuration window. At top left is a list of all applications currently loaded into Multi-Mac. In Use is how much of the heap they're using, and priority is how much relative CPU time they've been assigned. You can change memory settings and priority by selecting the desired application and adjusting the scroll bars at right.
Use the

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Save Whole Screen checkbox if you find that an application does not redraw its screen when you switch back to it.
The Install button will prime an application for launch. Click Run to launch the application, while Remove acts as a force-quit. You can quit the Finder too with this button.

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I suggest you be conservative with the Write Delay

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setting. Multi-Mac has a tendency to make your Mac bomb sooner or later. So how many seconds do you want to risk going without having your work saved to disk? I set mine at 3 or 4 seconds. If you like to live dangerously, you will find this setting goes up to 60 seconds.
Multi-Mac will disable the Shut Down command in the Finder as long as any other application is still running.
Automatic Disk Cache and Clipboard Conversion
Multi-Mac automatically uses free RAM as a disk cache. It's really effective! You can instantly restart an application from the Finder, even with the floppy disk ejected. Combined with Multi-Mac's option to delay writes, you can have true asynchronous I/O. Copy a file in the Finder and after the original is read from the disk, the copy is written in the background while you do something else, or run another application.
The clipboard is automatically converted for each running application in Multi-Mac.
Beware the Bomb

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The great downside of using Multi-Mac is that sooner or later you will see this:
Save your work often and be careful!
That's the end of this entry for the Mac 512K Blog. The next one will cover AppleShare networking and the serial drive.

The Mac 512K Blog wrote:

This blog chronicles the Macintosh 512K and my projects with it. We will test software, fix hardware, program it, hack it, and generally take the 512K Macintosh to its limits. Do leave any feedback you may have, either to my email dog_cow@macgui.com or by posting a comment to this article (when logged in to Mac GUI)